Dr.Jur., Dr.Jur. h.c., Dr.Pol.Sc. h.c., Professor of Public Law, University of Turku (1978-81), Armfelt Professor of Law, Åbo Akademi University (1981-95) and Director of this University’s Institute for Human Rights (1985-95); Principal Legal Adviser at and subsequently Deputy Director-General of the Legal Service of the European Commission (1995-2002); Judge at the European Court of Justice (2002-2019); Chair of the EU 255 TFEU Panel (2020- ), Member of the Independent Ethical Committee of the European Commission (2019 - ); Visiting Professor, College of Europe.